Changes to the EAEU Guideline on Good Pharmacovigilance Practices.

By Decision No. 81 of 19.06.2022, the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission amended the Guideline on Good Pharmacovigilance Practices of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU GVP Guideline), the core regulatory document on pharmacovigilance requirements for the EAEU Member States. The amendment involved all critical pharmacovigilance processes, and its consequences are yet to be assessed. The aim of the study was to analyse the changes to the EAEU GVP Guideline effective since 06.12.2022. The author summarised information on the changes made to the EAEU GVP Guideline by Decision No. 81 of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission of 19.06.2022 "On Amendments to the Rules of Good Pharmacovigilance Practice of the Eurasian Economic Union". He described the differences between the old and the new versions of the EAEU GVP Guideline. Having critically reviewed the updated regulatory document, the author commented on its positive and negative aspects. The review created a starting point for further analysis of the changes to the EAEU GVP Guideline. At the time of writing, there were no other published works assessing the significance of most of the changes for the pharmaceutical industry and designated pharmacovigilance organisations in the EAEU Member States. The author assessed their significance through the prism of the recent years' events in Russia and the world, including the COVID-19 pandemic. In connection with the amended guideline coming into force in 2022, the author suggested a transitional standstill period for both the pharmaceutical industry and designated pharmacovigilance organisations. He offered further improvements for the guideline. The article may be of practical interest to pharmacovigilance specialists, heads of pharmaceutical organisations, and employees of regulatory authorities.Copyright © 2023 Eco-Vector LLC.

The Current State of Food Security in Kazakhstan, in the Context of Eurasian Economic Union. Environmentally Overview in the Case of Climate Change's Scenarios

In the context of changing climatic factors, for the purpose of food security, it is necessary to use certain quantitative components of the global food system. This research article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of food security in the Republic of Kazakhstan in connection with the Eurasian Economic Union, including the agricultural system of the countries of Eurasia and food trade, an analysis of the main indicators of agriculture and their spatial and temporal characteristics from 1991 to 2021. The profound impact of COVID-2019 on food systems has been described. We scientifically substantiate the importance of maintaining a balance of interests of the common market for agricultural products and protecting the sovereignty of the states that are members of the EAEU, in the context of assuring measures to ensure food security and climate changes. Taking into consideration the main economic indicators of the agro-industrial complex, we will conduct a comprehensive analysis of the volume of agricultural production determine the level of per capita consumption of basic food products. Despite the achievements of Kazakhstan in the agricultural sector in spatial and temporal changes, we identify specific problems that negatively affect the growth of its production potential. As a result, we will reveal the causes of price instability, the lack of access to socially significant goods in Kazakhstan, and also offer some ways to solve these in the conditions of climate changes. © 2022 by ASERS® Publishing.

NEW TRADE AND ECONOMIC REGIONALISM: A SPACE OF OPPORTUNITIES IN GREATER EURASIA

The article is devoted to the issues of trade and economic integration in the Greater Eurasia region. The trends of regionalization in the Asia-Pacific region based on multilateral trade deals are studied. The analysis of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, the prerequisites for its conclusion, and the effects of implementation has been carried out. These issues were considered in conjunction with the implementation of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, including considering the current prerequisites for its expansion. The authors investigate the issues of conjugation of the EAEU and integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region within the framework of the idea of the Greater Eurasian Partnership. Specific proposals for the organization of work, based on the mechanisms for implementing the EAEU’s international legal personality, have been formulated. An overview of the possible results of the conclusion of the Agreement in Greater Eurasia in the economic and geopolitical context is presented.

Conjugation of the Eurasian economic union and the belt road initiative: the role and place of Kazakhstan

Relevance. In mass media, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the Eurasian economic integration are considered as the driving forces behind Eurasia’s develop-ment. Nevertheless, the processes of Eurasian integration have been impeded by the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, 2020–2022 have been marked by political turmoil in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states. Modelled on the European Union, the Eurasian Union increasingly resembles the former Soviet Union, which is a matter of concern for the member states. On the other hand, the growing democratic sentiments in the post-Soviet countries and the competition between Russia and China for influence in Eurasia make the cooperation of the EAEU and the Belt Road Initiative (BRI) more problematic. Research objective. The study examines the opportunities and challenges asso-ciated with the possible integration of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Belt Road Initiative. Methods and Data. In this paper, we used an exploratory research design re-lying on collecting secondary and primary qualitative data. Methodologically, the study is based on the approaches of positive and nominative economics. The qualitative research in the form of in-depth interviews helped us gain insight into the economic problems of the EAEU member states. We also analyzed the dynamics of each member country’s GDP and compared it with that of China for the period from 2012 to present. Results. The compatibility of national and transnational interests in the EAEU programs is one of the main issues that have to be addressed. There have been specified areas of the EAEU’s development, many of which reveal the Russian Federation’s dominating role in managing the Union. According to the experts we have interviewed, to implement its programs, the EAEU needs significant centralization of power. On the other hand, the unresolved social, economic, and political issues can become a significant obstacle to the integration. Conclusion. Despite the widespread belief that the BRI would bring significant welfare and trade benefits to its participants, the EAEU member countries and China first need to focus on implementing political reforms, which the social and economic agenda hinges upon. © Yerimpasheva, A.T., Myrzakhmetova, A.M., Alshimbayeva, D.U., 2022.

Regional Free Movement of People at the Global Level: The Case of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAU)

The paper research is on free movement of people at the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It introduces the main components of the EAEU's free mobility regime, its promises and challenges. The author argues that the free movement of people regimes are not similar and respond to different needs and origins. Trying to answer, if free movement of people in the EAEU Treaty is the EU Model, the author discovers that in fact, the EAEU's scheme finds its roots in regional treaties signed and developed in the post-Soviet space in the 1990s. The paper has a discussion on the challenges of implementation and interpretation and situates them within a larger global panorama of regional free mobility schemes beyond the EU. Conclusions are made with some thoughts and suggestions for future research, also in light of the general closure of borders during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper offers different insights on the free movement of workers at EAEU level. It has identified how the EU cannot really be considered as a model on several key aspects, notably the absence of the principle of non-discrimination enshrined in the Treaty and the lack of a secure residence status beyond the conclusion of an employment agreement. Researchers will need to continue to measure and investigate its implementation and the effects the free movement regime has in the inclusion of EAEU workers. More research will also be needed in light of the closure of borders during the pandemic and the effects that might have in the near future on the EAEU's free movement regime. © The Author(s) 2022.

MONETARY POLICY OF THE EAEU COUNTRIES: INSTRUMENTS AND RESULTS OF IMPLEMENTATION

The global processes taking place in the economy have led to the transformation of various spheres of the economy, primarily financial, and, as a result, to changes in economic policy and its main elements-fiscal, monetary and investment policies. It is no coincidence that the recurrent crises of the last decades either originated in the financial sector or had a significant impact on changing its parameters. This situation in the context of ongoing economic and institutional changes has necessitated a flexible and regular review of the methods and instruments of monetary regulation used. Moreover, it is more difficult for the countries of integration groupings, including the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), to do this, given the need to coordinate the decisions and measures taken. The situation has become more complicated due to the coronavirus pandemic, which has had a significant impact on the economies of both developed and developing countries. The analysis of the correspondence of the money market parameters to the macro-financial indicators of economic security and the dynamics of the banking sector parameters, the significant economic downturn, the decrease in demand and the persistence of uncertainty about the duration of the pandemic make it necessary to adjust monetary policy. © 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Improving the Customs Regulation Framework in the Eurasian Economic Union in the Context of Sustainable Economic Development

The formation of a customs administration framework based on the digital economy in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) requires the application of fundamentally new technologies. The successful implementation of digital technologies in the information space of the EAEU presupposes the solution of a number of problems associated with the ensuring the implementation of the concept of sustainable development of the EEU member states in the new economic reality and transition to a new paradigm of customs administration based on the digitalization of the processes of regulation of foreign economic activity. Based on this paradigm, we set the following tasks: to identify trends and substantiate the need for digitalization of the customs administration mechanism in the Eurasian Economic Union based on the use of new technologies;to reveal the meaningful features of digital technologies that are promising for the development of the mechanism of customs administration of the EAEU;consider the applied aspects of the latest information technologies used in the course of EAEU customs administration system digitalization;and assess the prospects for their use, analyze the prospects of organizational, legal and managerial support of this process in the EAEU at the supranational and national levels. The article concludes that within the framework of the digital transformation of the EAEU, new opportunities are opening up for the customs regulation framework, based on the introduction of technologies for analyzing large amounts of data, immersive technologies, blockchain, the use of innovative methods for obtaining and processing customs information (satellite tracking, radio frequency identification), and the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in customs control processes.

Assessment of the Financial and Economic Security Level of the EAEU Member States in the Context of Growing Macroeconomic Uncertainty

The main factors of macroeconomic uncertainty for the Eurasian Economic Union member states are the threat of a global financial crisis, long-term restrictive measures associated with the spread of the pandemic, trade wars between major states, new sanctions, volatility in commodity prices, growing inflationary pressures, internal risks of tightening monetary policy, volatility of national currencies, as well as an increase in the budget deficit and total debt. There is a need to protect against undesirable external influences and radical internal changes in the conditions of global instability, to assess the socio-economic potential of the Eurasian Economic Union member states on the way to a single integration space, in other words, the need for security is a basic, fundamental need, both for the life of an individual and including society and the state, which makes this study more relevant. The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on many economic and social processes. In these difficult conditions of external factors’ influence, the system of ensuring financial and economic security acquires significance. The conducted research allows concluding that, firstly, the economic security of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union is a complex concept that reflects the state of the financial system of countries, their ability to timely and reliably meet needs of the economy in the amounts necessary to provide growth of the economy in the conditions of integration. Moreover, the indicators of budget and stability of investments of each of the countries determine the level of the EAEU member financial security. Copyright © 2022 by authors, all rights reserved.

Organizational behavior of the participants of the Eurasian integration in the conditions of coronavirus restrictions

The article examines the organizational behavior of the participants of the Eurasian integration in the conditions of coronavirus restrictions. The author analyzes the consequences for the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which were the result of the influence of restrictions imposed to limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of the Eurasian Economic Commission was noted, which over the past year initiated a fairly large-scale list of measures aimed not only at restoring the Eurasian integration processes, but also at regulating and stabilizing the epidemiological situation in the Union.

The economic and political effects of COVID- 19 on the Eurasian Economic Union

2020 proved to be an unprecedented year in terms of public health. The effects of the global pandemic were witnessed throughout the post- Soviet space. Its influence was felt sharply in the socio- economic development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The member states all engaged in border closures, at first reducing then halting tourism through the imposition of severe restrictions on transportation to reduce the spread of COVID- 19. Not surprisingly, such measures adversely affected bilateral and multilateral trade and economic relations between the EAEU countries. All member states took decisive measures to allocate additional funds to fight the epidemic. Special funds were established, and a revision of budgetary expenditures and revenues initiated. Notwithstanding such negative developments, including the epidemic taking place against the backdrop of a crisis in the global economy and a sharp drop in oil prices and increasing the levels of external and internal debt, the EAEU considered options to deepen and potentially widen integration. Looking into the future, especially structurally and in terms of further integration and deeper cooperation the pandemic highlighted the internal legal and institutional challenges facing the organisation. © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 2021. All rights reserved.